Converting 2D Images to 3D

In architecture, product design, engineering, and the entertainment industry, there is a growing demand for 3D models that provide enhanced visualization, more accurate analysis and measurement of objects, better user experience and impressions. One way to create three-dimensional models is through generating them based on 2D images.

Depending on the field and purpose of the models, different methods are used to convert 2D images to 3D:

1. Stereoscopic 3D conversion is used in the film industry to transform regular movies into 3D. It involves manually or semi-automatically separating foreground and background elements in a 2D image or video and creating depth maps. These depth maps are used to create perspective for the left and right eyes, simulating depth perception when viewed with special glasses.
2. Depth map-based conversion involves creating a depth map for a 2D image, which assigns a digital value to each pixel or image fragment based on the perceived distance from the viewer. Once the depth map is obtained, it can be used to construct a three-dimensional representation. Depth maps can be created using various algorithms such as stereo matching, motion structure, or depth estimation neural networks.
3. Multiple-image reconstruction involves using multiple different 2D photographs of an object to create a volumetric model. Various algorithms are then used to generate the three-dimensional geometry of the object, converting the 2D images into a 3D representation.
4. Photogrammetry involves extracting three-dimensional information from two-dimensional images by analyzing parallax or perspective differences between multiple photographs of the same object. Specialized software processes the data and creates a volumetric model.
5. Artificial intelligence and deep learning can help in generating depth maps, extracting three-dimensional shapes, or creating volumetric reconstructions based on two-dimensional input data, converting 2D images into 3D.

In addition to the film industry, game development, and 3D modeling, these technologies are widely applied in dentistry for diagnosis, treatment, and oral care:

1. Cone beam computed tomography combines multiple X-ray images to create a volumetric structure of the oral cavity and maxillofacial region for diagnosis and treatment planning.
2. Digital impression systems. 3D technologies in dentistry allow for the creation of highly accurate models of teeth and oral structures, eliminating the need for physical impressions and providing greater comfort for patients in the production of dental prosthetics.
3. Orthodontics and therapy. 3D technologies in dentistry enable the visualization of a patient’s teeth from different angles, evaluation of occlusion, and tracking progress throughout the treatment process.
4. Virtual surgical planning. Based on the volumetric model, bone structure assessment, implant placement planning, surgical maneuvers simulation can be performed to achieve optimal results. This ensures precise surgical navigation and reduces the risk of complications.
5. Patient education and communication. 3D technologies in dentistry allow for a more intuitive and understandable demonstration of teeth conditions, treatment options, and expected outcomes. Patients can better understand the state of their oral health, visualize proposed treatment methods, and actively participate in the decision-making process.
6. Dentist training. Neural networks are used to create volumetric models of the jaw and teeth, which are loaded into educational simulators, allowing for the practice of practical dental treatment skills. Such model was developed by employees of Epol Soft. This neural network based on oral cavity X-rays generates three-dimensional jaw models with individual tooth separation. More details can be found at the link.

The conversion from 2D to 3D opens up new possibilities for visual experiences in various industries. Through stereoscopic conversion, depth maps, multiple-image reconstruction, and photogrammetry, we can bridge the gap between 2D content and 3D immersion. As technology continues to advance, we can expect new achievements in the world of converting 2D to 3D models, which we will monitor and report on. Stay tuned for updates on our website.